BIOL. 209 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
Ch 15 - The Endocrine System

Revised for spring 2008

You are not assigned the Endocrine System program on your Interactive Physiology CD.  This program is new and not quite as user friendly as the other programs on the disk.  The speech delivery is fast and words are wiped too quickly from the screen.  There are, however, some very good segments and nice visuals that will help you learn about the endocrine system if you wish to use the program.  

We will go as far down the following list as possible before the test Monday. Information not covered in lecture, will not be on the test this time. After the test, we will go on to Chapter 16, Blood. We will return to this chapter periodically and continue down the list. (Hormone of the week???)

After completing this chapter, you should have mastered the objectives listed below.

1. Contrast hormonal and neural control of body functioning.

2. Contrast endocrine and exocrine glands.  Explain why the hypothalamus is considered a neuroendocrine organ.

3. Discuss the types of changes produced by hormones.

4. Briefly contrast amino acid based hormones and steroids as to structure and how they interact with the target cell. Do not get involved in detailed descriptions of the second messenger mechanisms. List examples of each category of hormones.

5. Describe hormone-target specificity and hormone persistence.

6. Explain 3 mechanisms by which hormone release is regulated.  Give examples of each.

7. List the major endocrine organs and describe their locations in the body.

8. Describe the structural and functional relationship of the hypothalmic-pituitary axis. Explain which has traditionally been considered the "master gland" and which is now considered the "boss" and why.

9. Define the neurohypophysis. List the two hormones released from it and briefly describe their origins, target cells and actions.

10. List the hormones formed by the hypothalamus, the site from which they are released and the action of each.

11. Define the adenohypophysis.

• List and describe the targets and chief effects of adenohypophyseal hormones.  (Ignore POMC and its derivatives.)
• Tell which ones are tropins and why.

12. Describe the main targets and chief effects of growth hormone.

• Describe several disorders that can occur due to hyper- or hyposecretion of GH.

13. Describe the most important effects of thyroid hormone.

• Describe several diseases that can occur due to hyper- or hyposecretion of thyroxine.
• Explain the cause of goiters and describe a condition that would be described as "exophthalmos."

14. Briefly contrast PTH and calcitonin as to origin and function.

• Summarize the effect of PTH on bone, the intestine and the kidneys.  Include the role of vitamin D.
• Discuss the effects of homeostatic imbalances of PTH.

15. Identify the three parts of the adrenal cortex and three types of corticosteroids produced by the cortex.

• Name the most important mineralocorticoid and its main function (We'll revisit aldosterone when we study the urinary system.)
• Name the most common glucocorticoid and its role in gluconeogenesis and its relation to Cushing's disease.
• Name the most common gonadocorticoid and the effects of hypersecretion of this hormone.
• Study figure 15.16 and contrast the responses of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla to long-term and short-term stress.

16. Name the two major pancreatic hormones and where in the pancreas they are made.

• Study figure 15.18 and explain the regulation of blood sugar levels by these hormones.
• Briefly describe the effects of hyper- and hypoinsulinism.

17. Discuss the function of the pineal gland and describe how it changes throughout life.

18. List other body organs or tissues that also produce hormones.

19. Do the multiple choice test at the end of the chapter.

20. The A&P Place - review appropriate material.

****I will rely on lecture, lab and any or all of the above material when testing on this chapter.****

Optional - check the video list for relevant videos on reserve at the GHC Library.

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