1. Review the opening piece, Ed Alcamo remembers… This is the way it was, before the polio vaccine. Who is Ed Alcamo?
2. MicroFocus 13.1, state the pros and cons of whether viruses are living organisms.
3. Briefly discuss the roles of Ivanowsky, Beijerinck, Reed, Twort, d’Herrelle and Woodruff/Goodpasture in the evolution of our understanding of the nature of viruses. Explain why the invention of the electron microscope and the development ways to cultivate viruses were crucial to the growth of virology.
4. Describe the structure of viruses and explain the opening quote, “It’s just a piece of bad news wrapped up in protein.” Use the terms capsid, nucleocapsid, spikes, envelop and virion. Tell the role of spikes. Tell what kinds of nucleic acid are found in viruses.
5. Compare the size of viruses to the size of bacteria. Name the largest and smallest viruses.
6. Identify the major shapes that viruses can take and list two examples of each.
7. Define host range and tissue tropism and explain how these are related to viral infectivity. Use the terms host receptors and complementary viral proteins.
8. Give examples viral nomenclature based on disease caused, place isolated, and researcher involved. Describe the classification scheme based on tissues infected and give examples of viruses within those classifications. Don’t worry about the formal scientific taxonomic schemes being developed by the Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
9. Study Figure 13.8 and summarize the steps in the lytic cycle of infection by virulent bacteriophages. Compare this to the lysogenic cycle of temperate phages. Tell why the lysogenic cycle could be of advantage to the phage. Read MicroFocus 13.3 and tell how phages have been used to control Listeria contamination of foods.
10. There is a great deal of detail given about replication of viruses in animals. You may focus on Figures 13.10 and 13.11. Be able to explain why the HIV is a retrovirus and the role of reverse transcriptase. Tell the advantages of latency for proviruses. Differentiate between provirus and prophage.
11. Study Table 13.3 and list the three broad categories by which antivirals interfere with viral replication. Tell the effect of antibiotics on viruses. Study Figure 13.12 and explain the role of interferons in viral control.
12. Explain why and how Rivers adapted Koch’s postulates to identification of viral etiology of disease.
13. Read MicroFocus 13.5 and study the diagrams. Be able to tell how the hemagglutination-inhibition test works and tell which child/children likely had measles.
14. A staff member at GHC would like to have yearly flu shots but must avoid them because he is allergic to egg protein. Tell the connection between the vaccine and eggs.
15. Differentiate between benign and malignant tumors. Define cancer and metastasis. Tell the effects of cancers on the body. List four known DNA oncogenic viruses. Define oncogenes and briefly explain how oncogene theory is related to virus infection. (“Read” the drawings.)
16. Give several examples of virotherapy.
17. What are “emerging
viruses” and through what two mechanisms do they arise? Specifically, describe the evolution of the
“bird flu” viruses that is causing concern. What do we mean when we say a virus has
“jumped species?” What human
practices are fostering the “emergence” of new viruses? Describe what lead to the cluster of deaths
at
18. The attempt to control
excessive (300 million!) rabbit populations in
19. Name two vaccines currently in use to prevent viral disease described in this chapter.
20 Viroids: what are they, how do they differ from virions, why do we care?
21. Define prion and explain Stanley Prusiner’s protein-only hypothesis. Describe the relationship between BSE, TSEs, PrP, PrPsc, PrPc, CJD, vCJD, CWD, Kuru and Scrapie.
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Material from the above, lecture, and relevant labs may be included in testing.